Examlex
Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools?
Negative Side Effects
Undesirable and harmful outcomes or reactions caused by medication, treatment, or intervention.
Punishment
A consequence imposed following undesirable behavior, intended to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.
Classical Conditioning
A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
Second-Order Conditioning
A form of conditioning in which a stimulus that has been conditioned as a reinforcer is used to condition a second stimulus, establishing a chain of associations.
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