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While Testing the Chemiosmotic Theory, Researchers Prepared "Inside-Out" Vesicles from Bacterial

question 26

Essay

While testing the chemiosmotic theory, researchers prepared "inside-out" vesicles from bacterial cells, mitochondrial internal membranes, and chloroplast thylakoids. In an inside-out vesicle, the F₁ subunit of the proton-ATPase faces outward. Using the figure below, briefly discuss how the use of inside-out vesicles helped to study the relative contributions of the proton gradient (∆pH) and the membrane potential ( $\Delta \Psi$ ) to∆ p.
$While testing the chemiosmotic theory, researchers prepared inside-out vesicles from bacterial cells, mitochondrial internal membranes, and chloroplast thylakoids. In an inside-out vesicle, the F₁ subunit of the proton-ATPase faces outward. Using the figure below, briefly discuss how the use of inside-out vesicles helped to study the relative contributions of the proton gradient (∆pH) and the membrane potential ( \Delta \Psi ) to∆ p.$

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Definitions:

Ozone

A molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms, important in the stratosphere for protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Antarctica

The Earth's southernmost continent, covered by an ice sheet and surrounded by the Southern Ocean.

Upper Stratosphere

The higher portion of the stratosphere, located above the troposphere in the Earth's atmosphere, important for its role in filtering ultraviolet radiation.

Ultraviolet Radiation

Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays, capable of producing chemical reactions and damaging living tissues.