If PCR Is Carried Out on a Sample Using Primers

question 51

Multiple Choice

If PCR is carried out on a sample using primers specific for HPV 16 and no DNA is amplified, can a person assume that they are HPV-free?

• A) No. The person likely does not have HPV16 but they may have another HPV strain.
• B) Yes. If there is no HPV16 present, there definitely won't be any other strain of HPV present either.
• C) Yes. Primers specific for HPV 16 would also detect all other strains of HPV, so a negative test indicates the person is free of any HPV.
• D) No. The negative result simply indicates that HPV is not a DNA virus but is in fact an RNA virus.
• E) No. The negative result simply indicates that HPV is not a DNA virus but is in fact a bacterium which has a different type of DNA.

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Definitions:

Voter Failure

A situation where voters are uninformed or make irrational decisions, leading to outcomes not reflecting the true preferences of the majority.

Allocative Efficiency

A state of the economy in which production represents consumer preferences; every good or service is produced up to the point where the last unit provides a utility level equal to the cost of producing it.

Productive Efficiency

A situation where the economy or an economic system operates in a way that it cannot produce more of one good without affecting the production of another good.

Voting Paradox

The voting paradox, or Condorcet paradox, illustrates a situation in a voting system where collective preferences can be cyclic, even if the individual preferences are non-cyclical.