In Which of the Following Examples Is Excess Burden Not

question 22

Multiple Choice

In which of the following examples is excess burden not present?

• A)Harriet decides to give up her Saturday hours at her law office after income tax rates rise.
• B)Rudolf still smokes three packs a day even after the excise tax on cigarettes rose 10 cents a pack.
• C)Wilma reduced the automatic payroll deduction to her savings account after the tax on interest was imposed.
• D)Harper decided to take a vacation in Bermuda rather than invest in stocks after the tax rate on capital gains was increased.

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Definitions:

Medullary Interstitial Fluid

The fluid within the interstitial space of the renal medulla, important in the concentration of urine.

Solute Gradient

A solute gradient involves the variation of solute concentration across a distance, which can drive various biological processes, including diffusion and osmosis.

Medullary Concentration Gradient

A gradient of solute concentration in the kidney medulla that facilitates water reabsorption and urine concentration through osmosis.

Urea Molecules

Organic compounds and the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals, formed in the liver from ammonia and carbon dioxide.