Use Stokes' Theorem to evaluate 
where 
is the circle 
. 
is oriented counterclockwise as viewed from above.
Definitions:
Partnership By Estoppel
A legal doctrine that treats a non-partnership as if it were an actual partnership because third parties were misled to believe a partnership existed.
Delectus Personae
A legal principle emphasizing the importance of personal choice and trust in the selection of individuals to fulfill certain roles, especially in partnerships.
Apparent Authority
A form of authority that an individual seems to have because of their conduct or representation by another, leading third parties to believe rightfully that authority exists.
Actual Implied
Refers to obligations or understandings that are not explicitly stated but are inferred from actions or the general situation.
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