In Two Affirmative Action Cases Involving the University of Michigan

question 1

Multiple Choice

In two affirmative action cases involving the University of Michigan decided in 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

• A) any form of affirmative action violated the equal protection clause of the Constitution.
• B) racial quotas were permissible for as many years as discrimination had been practiced.
• C) numerical formulas for minority admission were unacceptable but flexible individually-based procedures were constitutional.
• D) preferences for children of alumni were unconstitutional.
• E) all forms of affirmative action were acceptable under the Constitution and the Civil Rights Act.

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Definitions:

Gender

The socially constructed roles, behaviors, expressions, and identities associated with being male or female.

Pelvic Field Defect

A term describing a range of congenital abnormalities affecting the structure of the pelvic area.

Androgen Insensitivity

Androgen insensitivity is a condition in which an individual's body cannot properly respond to male sex hormones, leading to feminization in genetic males.

Newborns

Infants who are in the very first weeks of life following birth, typically considered to be up to one month old.