Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Is an Autoimmune Disease That Affects the Brain

question 24

Essay

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord.
MS affects women more than men, and is most commonly diagnosed between the ages of
20 and 40. MS sufferers typically have problems of coordination and walking. The
standard care for some sufferers is a plastic device affixed to the lower leg and ankle. In
a recent test of this device, volunteers with MS were randomly assigned to two
experimental groups. The volunteers in one group used the plastic device; the volunteers
in the other group did not use the plastic device. Each individual was timed as he or she
climbed a set of stairs. Times, measured without the device (ND) and with the device
(D), are presented below. $$\begin{array} { | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | } \hline \begin{array} { c } \text { Stairs } \\\text { ND }\end{array} & 9.3 & 8.4 & 8.6 & 6.9 & 17.7 & 12.4 & 18.6 & 14.2 & 7.9 & 6.9 & 8.4 & 9.4 & 12.7 \\\hline \begin{array} { c } \text { Stairs } \\\text { D }\end{array} & 7.9 & 8.2 & 9.0 & 7.2 & 15.3 & 13.5 & 16.6 & 15.7 & 7.7 & 7.5 & 8.4 & 9.5 & 12.7 \\\hline\end{array}$$
-Calculate the values of these numerical summaries for the stair-climbing task without
the device: a) The mean __________
b) The standard deviation __________
c) The median___________
d) The interquartile range ______________ Note: The table above is reproduced below so that you need not flip back and forth. $$\begin{array} { | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | } \hline \begin{array} { c } \text { Stairs } \\\text { ND }\end{array} & 9.3 & 8.4 & 8.6 & 6.9 & 17.7 & 12.4 & 18.6 & 14.2 & 7.9 & 6.9 & 8.4 & 9.4 & 12.7 \\\hline \begin{array} { c } \text { Stairs } \\\text { D }\end{array} & 7.9 & 8.2 & 9.0 & 7.2 & 15.3 & 13.5 & 16.6 & 15.7 & 7.7 & 7.5 & 8.4 & 9.5 & 12.7 \\\hline\end{array}$$

Understand the concept of revenue maximization for firms and calculate optimal pricing.

Apply knowledge of utility functions to predict consumer choices under budget constraints.

Identify the correct meanings and abbreviations of common terms associated with neurological conditions and procedures.

Understand and describe basic neuroanatomical structures and their functions.

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Definitions:

Competitive Markets

Markets characterized by many buyers and sellers, where no single participant has significant influence on price or product offerings.

Fixed Costs

Costs that do not vary with the level of output production, such as rent, salaries, and insurance.

Quasi-Fixed Costs

Costs that are not strictly variable or fixed but have elements of both, changing with adjustments in the level of business activity or scale of operations over time.

Marginal Costs

The additional cost required to produce one more unit of a product, reflecting how total costs change with production volume.