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Assume that by devoting all its resources to the production of X, nation Alpha can produce 20 units
of X. By devoting all its resources to Y, Alpha can produce 30Y. Comparable figures for nation Beta
are 60X and 40Y. There is no basis for trade between Alpha and Beta, because Beta has an
absolute advantage in the production of both goods.
Testosterone
A steroid hormone produced primarily in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, playing a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics.
Innate
A characteristic, ability, or quality that is present from birth, not acquired or learned.
Biology
The scientific study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution.
Environment
The natural world or ecosystem in which living organisms exist and interact, or the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
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