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In a Laboratory, Smokers Are Asked to "Drive" Using a Computerized

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In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the independent variable is the __________.


Definitions:

Income Tax Deductions

Specific expenses that taxpayers can subtract from their gross income to reduce their taxable income, resulting in lower taxes owed.

Tax-Exempt Nonprofits

Organizations that do not have to pay federal income tax because they engage in activities benefiting the public.

Religious Congregations

Communities of individuals who come together for religious worship, practices, and activities, often within a specific tradition.

Government Funds

Financial resources allocated by government bodies for various public and administrative purposes.

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