To Discover Genes That Have Undergone Accelerated Evolution in the Human

question 51

Multiple Choice

To discover genes that have undergone accelerated evolution in the human lineage, you compared the amino acid sequences of dozens of proteins from orthologous protein-coding genes in humans, chimpanzees, and mice. For each gene, you build an unrooted phylogenetic tree in which the branch lengths (a, b, or c) correspond to the number of amino acid substitutions in that branch, as depicted below. Primates and rodents diverged ~90 million years ago, and humans and chimpanzees diverged ~5.5 million years ago. For each individual gene shared by the three species, you therefore define the "normalized substitution rate" parameters h and k as h = (a/5.5) /[c/([2 × 90] - 5.5) ], and k = (b/5.5) /[c/([2 × 90] - 5.5) ]. Based on these definitions, which genes are more likely to be responsible for "uniquely human" traits?

• A) Genes with very high h and k values
• B) Genes with very low h and k values
• C) Genes with very high h values but not very high k values
• D) Genes with very high k values but not very high h values

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Definitions:

Mainstream Economics

The body of economic thought and theory that is widely accepted and taught across major universities and colleges, focusing on market equilibrium, demand and supply, and the role of government interventions.

Wagner Act

Another name for the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, which established the legal right for workers to form unions and engage in collective bargaining in the United States.

Monopoly Power

The ability of a company or entity to control or dominate an industry or sector, making it the primary or sole provider, often leading to limited competition and higher prices for consumers.

Norris-LaGuardia Act

A 1932 U.S. federal law that restricts the power of federal courts to issue injunctions against nonviolent labor disputes and supports workers' rights to participate in unions and strikes.