Intracellular Ca²⁺ Oscillations, Initiated by the Activation of IP₃ Receptors

question 34

Short Answer

Intracellular Ca²⁺ oscillations, initiated by the activation of IP₃ receptors and orchestrated via intricate positive and negative feedback loops, can be subject to frequency modulation, an example of which is the increase in oscillation frequency with increasing stimulus strength. Caffeine is known to bind to and sensitize the ryanodine receptors, resulting in their opening in response to lower calcium ion concentrations. Do you think caffeine would tend to increase (I) or decrease (D) the frequency of calcium ion oscillations in stimulated cells? Write down I or D as your answer.

---

Definitions:

Doric Columns

A style of column characterized by simple, geometric capitals and no base, representative of one of the classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture.

Spatial Composition

The art and technique of arranging objects and elements in a space, considering aspects like balance, proportion, and rhythm to achieve a harmonious whole.

Semicircle

A half of a circle, formed by dividing a circle along its diameter, used in various architectural designs.

Renaissance Interest

is the revival of art, culture, and intellectual thought through the European Renaissance, beginning in the 14th century, focusing on classical antiquities, humanism, and individualism.