Byron, Who Attended a Massage Workshop, Is Less Skilled at Massage

question 126

Multiple Choice

Byron, who attended a massage workshop, is less skilled at massage than Salima, who has to massage her ill mother daily. This is an instance in which _____ is less efficient than behavior that has been shaped by _____.

• A) rule-governed behavior; natural contingencies
• B) contingency-shaped behavior; rules
• C) positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
• D) negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement

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Definitions:

Direct Observation

A method of gathering data by watching behavior or events as they occur in their natural setting.

Internal Events

Psychological or physiological occurrences within an individual that are not observable by others.

Empirical

Based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.

Evolutionary Psychology

A theoretical approach in psychology that explains mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., the functional products of natural selection.