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Read the Paragraph and Then Answer the Questions That Follow

question 21

Multiple Choice

Read the paragraph and then answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct response.
Many e-mail users receive annoying amounts of junk mail, or "spam." Experts recommend five ways to reduce the amount of spam in the in-box. First of all, an e-mail address should not be displayed in public. That includes in newsgroups, chat rooms, websites, or online services' membership directories. Second, computer users should check the privacy policy when they submit an address to a website to see if it allows the company to sell the address. Opting out of this provision, if possible, or deciding not to submit an address at all to a website that won't protect it are both good ways to prevent spam. Using two e-mail addresses, one for personal messages and one for newsgroups and chat rooms, is a third way to cut down on spam. A separate, disposable e-mail address can forward e-mail to a permanent account. When one of the disposable addresses begins to receive spam, it can be shut off without affecting the permanent address. Fourth, experts recommend using a unique e-mail address. The choice of e-mail addresses may affect the amount of spam received because spammers use "dictionary attacks" to sort through possible name combinations at large Internet Service Providers (ISPs) or e-mail services, hoping to find a valid address. Thus, a common name such as jdoe may get more spam than a more unique name like jd51x02oe. Fifth and finally, most e-mail providers automatically filter spam into a bulk e-mail folder. These options should affect the choice of which provider to use.
The subject of this paragraph is

Understand the distinction between System I and System II thinking as it applies to human reasoning and decision-making.

Identify and explain the phenomenon of confirmation bias in hypothesis testing and reasoning.

Comprehend the structure and implications of syllogistic reasoning in logical thinking.

Recognize and describe various biases and heuristics that influence human judgment and reasoning, such as availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic, and framing effects.

Definitions:

Cognitive Dissonance

The mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or ideas at the same time.

Stimulus Generalization

A psychological phenomenon where a response to a specific stimulus also occurs in response to similar stimuli, often used in marketing to create brand families or product lines.

Calcium Supplement

a dietary product intended to provide calcium, essential for bone health and other bodily functions, to those who may not get enough from their diet.

Learned Predisposition

An acquired tendency to respond in a consistent way to a given object or entity, shaped by experiences, attitudes, and culture.