Which of the Following Is NOT a Tenet of a Top-Down

question 13

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a tenet of a top-down model of reading?

• A) A skilled reader goes directly from print to meaning, without transferring the information to speech.
• B) Early stages of reading instruction focus on teaching decoding skills, sight words, and connected reading activities to gain meaning.
• C) Reading is an active process in which the reader uses background knowledge to gain meaning as the text is read.
• D) Only after decoding skills have become automatic can students begin to focus the majority of attention to the meaning of text.

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Definitions:

Equilibrium Theory

A theory suggesting that individuals strive to maintain a balance between their input (effort, skill) and output (rewards, recognition) in relationships and groups.

Deviant Member

Describes an individual within a group whose behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes diverge significantly from the group's norms or standards.

Cohesive

Describes a group, organization, or other collection of individuals that is united or sticking together closely, often sharing common goals or attitudes.

Interpersonal Zones

The physical distances individuals maintain in social interactions, which can indicate levels of intimacy, comfort, or social norms.