Researchers Conduct a Prospective Study That Demonstrates an Association Between

question 95

Multiple Choice

Researchers conduct a prospective study that demonstrates an association between alcohol consumption and transitional bladder carcinoma, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.81 and a p-value of 0.03.  They then divide the study subjects into 2 groups, smokers and non-smokers, and again examine the association between alcohol consumption and bladder cancer: The discrepancy between the overall results and the stratified results is best explained by which of the following?

• A)Confounding
• B)Effect modification
• C)Measurement bias
• D)Meta-analysis
• E)Observer bias
• F)Recall bias

---

Definitions:

Counterattack

A response strategy involving aggressive actions to challenge or retaliate against a threat or an attack.

Defensive Behavior

Actions or reactions aimed at protecting oneself from criticism, harm, or perceived threats.

Red Herring

A distraction or irrelevant topic introduced to divert attention away from the original issue.

Harried Executive

A business leader or manager who is extremely busy and under a lot of stress, often dealing with many challenges and responsibilities simultaneously.