A 54-Year-Old Sudanese Immigrant Is Evaluated for Several Months of Intermittent

question 456

Multiple Choice

A 54-year-old Sudanese immigrant is evaluated for several months of intermittent dysuria and gross hematuria.  The patient notes that he passes blood at the end of urination but has no associated pain.  Cystoscopy reveals erythematous areas in the bladder mucosa.  Multiple biopsies are taken from the affected sites; histopathological findings are shown in the image below. Which of the following most likely predisposed this patient to his current condition?

• A)Chronic urinary tract obstruction
• B)Contaminated water exposure
• C)Cytotoxic immunosuppressant use
• D)Extensive cigarette smoking
• E)Urea-splitting bacterial infection

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Definitions:

Least Squares Line

A line of best fit through a scatter plot of data points that minimizes the sum of the squares of the vertical distances of the points from the line.

Least Squares Line

A straight line that minimizes the sum of the squares of the vertical distances of the points from the line.

Y-intercept

The point where a line or curve crosses the y-axis of a graph, representing the value when all independent variables are zero.

Least Squares Line

A line that minimizes the sum of the squares of the vertical deviations from each data point to the line, often used in linear regression.