A 42-Year-Old Man Is Brought to the Emergency Department 1

question 569

Multiple Choice

A 42-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after the onset of severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and confusion.  The patient has primary (essential) hypertension and chronic kidney disease; he has been prescribed 2 antihypertensive agents but has been noncompliant with therapy.  Temperature is 36.8 C (98.2 F) , blood pressure is 240/150 mm Hg, heart rate is 90/min, and respirations are 20/min.  Ophthalmologic examination shows bilateral papilledema.  The lungs are clear to auscultation.  Cardiac examination reveals an S4 and no murmurs.  Laboratory results are as follows: If renal biopsy is performed in this patient, which of the following pathologic findings is most likely to be found?

• A)Fibrinoid necrosis of small arteriolar walls
• B)Focal global glomerulosclerosis
• C)Granulomatous inflammation of the media
• D)Homogenous acellular thickening of arteriolar walls
• E)Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy

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Definitions:

Economies of Scale

The cost advantage that arises with increased output of a product due to spreading fixed costs over more units of production.

Minimum Efficient Scale

The smallest level of production a firm can achieve while still taking full advantage of economies of scale regarding costs per unit.

Economies of Scale

The cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation, leading to a reduction in average costs with increased output.