A 32-Year-Old Man Is Evaluated for Recurrent Nausea and Vomiting

question 228

Multiple Choice

A 32-year-old man is evaluated for recurrent nausea and vomiting.  The patient has nausea and upper abdominal discomfort after meals and feels full even after eating a small amount of food.  He also has experienced several episodes of vomiting of undigested food particles but has had no fever or diarrhea.  The patient has a history of type 1 diabetes mellitus and diabetic neuropathy.  Physical examination shows a clear oropharynx.  The abdomen is soft, nondistended, and nontender with no organomegaly.  Bowel sounds are normoactive.  Stool testing for occult blood is negative.  Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy reveals no abnormalities.  Treatment with an oral medication is initiated, but it is stopped after the patient experiences abnormal involuntary movements.  A macrolide antibiotic is prescribed, which improves his symptoms.  Which of following mechanisms is most likely responsible for the improvement in this patient's symptoms?

• A)Agonistic activity on motilin receptors
• B)Blockade of gastrointestinal muscarinic receptors
• C)Increase in intestinal fluid secretion
• D)Protective effect on gastric mucosa
• E)Suppression of intestinal bacterial growth

Identify different types of memory (e.g., procedural, semantic, episodic) and their corresponding neural loci.

Understand the processes of interference and how they affect memory retention and forgetting.

Grasp the cultural influences on memory and memory practices across different societies.

Recognize the concept of state-dependent and context-dependent memory, and its implications for memory recall.

---

Definitions:

Toussaint Louverture

A leader of the Haitian Revolution, who played a key role in the country’s fight for independence from France, becoming a symbol of the struggle against slavery.

Quasi War

An undeclared naval conflict between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800, arising from disputes over treaties and naval harassment.

Undeclared

Refers to a situation or status not officially announced or confirmed, often used in the context of wars, intentions, or academic majors.

Franchise

Franchise, in the context of politics, refers to the right to vote in public elections, an essential element of democratic governance and citizen participation.