A Systematic Review Examines the Effect of Drug X, a Commonly

question 370

Multiple Choice

A systematic review examines the effect of drug X, a commonly used medication, on all-cause mortality in patients with a chronic pulmonary problem.  A systematic search identified 12 retrospective cohort studies.  The pooled odds ratio of mortality with drug X use was 0.72 (95% confidence interval: 0.61-0.79) .  The authors also reported the following funnel plot of the 12 studies, centered around the log of the pooled odds ratio: The graphical findings suggest the presence of which of the following?

• A)Lead-time bias
• B)Placebo effect
• C)Publication bias
• D)Small samples in drug X treatment arms

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Definitions:

Screen Out Distractions

The process of eliminating or reducing background noise and irrelevant information to focus on important or primary tasks.

Primitive Functions

Basic physiological or psychological activities that are inherent or instinctual, serving as the foundation for more complex functions.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are more pronounced than typical behavior for a person’s age.

Problematic Student

A student who exhibits behaviors or attitudes that interfere with learning, their own or others', often requiring intervention or support.