A Research Group Is Studying a New Biomarker for Prostate

question 186

Multiple Choice

A research group is studying a new biomarker for prostate cancer screening in a random sample of asymptomatic men >50 years of age.  As the majority of prostate cancers are slowly progressive, the investigators are concerned that the benefits of the new screening tool will be overestimated due to detection of a disproportionate number of slowly progressive, benign cases.  The research group is most likely concerned about the presence of which of the following types of bias?

• A)Hawthorne effect
• B)Lead-time bias
• C)Length-time bias
• D)Observer bias
• E)Sampling bias

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Definitions:

Dependent Variable

The variable in a study that is measured to see if it is affected by changes in another variable (the independent variable).

Interpersonal Attraction

A force that draws people together, often leading to friendships or romantic relationships, influenced by factors like physical attractiveness, similarities, social status, and familiarity.

Self-esteem

The overall subjective emotional evaluation of one's own worth, encompassing beliefs about oneself as well as an emotional state such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame.

Physical Appearance

The outward phenotype or look of human beings, including aspects of body shape and facial features.