Refer to the Figure

question 18

Multiple Choice

Refer to the figure.
Based on these findings, the male red-collared widowbird's tail length and red collar are

• A) deceitful signals because they incur a cost to the receiver.
• B) honest signals because males are incapable of cheating the system by investing in both traits.
• C) badges of status because they indicate the male's dominance status.
• D) redundant signals because they increase robustness of the same information.

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