The Use of a Smiley Emoticon Such as 

question 86

Multiple Choice

The use of a smiley emoticon such as  in electronic communication reflects an attempt to make up for a lack of:

• A) lack of non-verbal cues
• B) divergence
• C) convergence
• D) morphemes
• E) spontaneous cues

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Definitions:

Complexity Leadership Theory

An approach that views leadership as a complex interactive dynamic that emerges from the interactions between individuals, rather than a series of linear cause-effect actions.

LMX

Stands for Leader-Member Exchange theory, which suggests that leaders develop unique one-to-one relationships with each of the people reporting to them.

Biological Perspective

An approach in psychology that examines behaviors, traits, and cognitive functions through the lens of genetics, evolution, and physiology.

Service Orientation

Service orientation is an attitude or approach that places priority on meeting the needs and expectations of customers or clients, emphasizing quality service delivery.