Which of the Following Explanations Is Not Presented by Political

question 5

Multiple Choice

Which of the following explanations is not presented by political scientists as a reason for turning out at elections

• A) Citizens receive some amount of benefit from fulfilling their civic duty.
• B) Voters use short-cuts such as partisanship to decrease the costs of voting.
• C) Politicians motivate citizens to go out and vote.
• D) In large elections each and every vote is important to the outcome of the election, and voters are aware of this.

Understand the key characteristics and diagnostic criteria of various personality disorders.

Comprehend the biological and genetic factors associated with personality disorders.

Recognize the psychological and environmental factors contributing to the development and persistence of personality disorders.

Identify the interpersonal and social consequences of personality disorders.

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Definitions:

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that elicits a reaction automatically, without any pre-existing learning required.

Vicarious Conditioning

The development of the conditioned response to a stimulus after observation of the pairing of conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Sensory Preconditioning

Sensory preconditioning involves a situation where two stimuli are paired together in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a learned association between them.

Higher-Order Conditioning

A conditioning process where a stimulus that has been conditioned to elicit a response is used as an unconditioned stimulus to condition a new stimulus.