In Addition to Empirical Association, What Are the Two Other

question 1

Multiple Choice

In addition to empirical association, what are the two other criteria needed to assess a cause-and-effect relationship between a dependent and an independent variable?

• A) measurement level and p value
• B) effect size and value
• C) confidence limits and standard error
• D) mechanism and nonspuriousness

Understand the physiological and psychological impact of sleep and sleep deprivation.

Learn about the methods used to study consciousness and sleep.

Explain the role of hormones and external factors like light in regulating sleep patterns and circadian rhythms.

Understand the goals and processes of different psychotherapy approaches.

---

Definitions:

Umbilical Vein

A vein in the umbilical cord that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.

Ductus Arteriosus

A fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch, allowing blood to bypass the lungs in utero.

Lactation

The process of producing and secreting milk from the mammary glands of mammals following childbirth, providing essential nutrients to the newborn.

Estrogen

A group of steroid hormones responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.