Which of the Following Is NOT a Characteristic of Post

question 41

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of post normal science (PNS) ?

• A) Funtowicz and Ravetz (1992) provide a new scientific paradigm from traditional assumptions of academic forms of science.
• B) As scientific questions increase in their complexity and system uncertainty - so too should there be an increase in who is involved in finding answers to them.
• C) Individual scientists are hired by industry and NGOs as consultants.
• D) All of the above are characteristics of PNS.

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Definitions:

Divisionalized Structure

An organizational structure made up of semi-autonomous units or divisions, each with its own operations, resources, and objectives.

Diverse Environments

Settings or contexts characterized by a rich variety of backgrounds, cultures, and perspectives among individuals or elements.

Stable Environments

Conditions or contexts that are consistent and predictable over time, providing a steady framework for operations.

Mechanistic Organizational Structure

A highly formal, rigid, and bureaucratic structure characterized by centralized decision-making, clear divisions of labor, and strict hierarchies.