A. J. Ayer: Language, Truth, and Logic

question 1

Multiple Choice

A. J. Ayer: Language, Truth, And Logic
Ayer's logical positivism motivates his view on ethics, an empiricist approach to philosophy that was prevalent during the first half of the 20th century. Logical positivists thought that all significant statements could be divided into analytic and synthetic propositions. Analytic propositions are true (or false) solely in virtue of the meanings of the terms involved (e.g., "All bachelors are unmarried") . All propositions that are not analytic are synthetic. According to logical positivists, all synthetic statements are empirical hypotheses; that is, claims about actual or possible experiences. If a statement is neither analytic nor an empirical hypothesis, logical positivists maintain that it is meaningless.
Ayer considers several influential ethical theories: subjectivism, utilitarianism, and "absolutism" (the intuitionism of philosophers like Moore and Ross) . Against subjectivism, Ayer claims that it would not be self-contradictory to say that some actions that are approved of are not right. Similarly, Ayer argues against utilitarianism by claiming that it is not contradictory to claim that it is sometimes wrong to do an action that would cause the greatest happiness. Ayer objects to absolutism on the grounds that it makes ethical claims empirically unverifiable, as different people have different intuitions about which acts are right or wrong. In light of this, Ayer claims that ethical statements are literally meaningless: They do not assert genuine propositions and are neither true nor false. Instead, that ethical statements serve the function of expressing our emotions, and of arousing similar feelings in others. Because on this view there is no truth in ethics, Ayer contends that it is impossible to argue about questions of value. We can try to persuade people to share our emotional reactions to things, but we cannot prove that our values are uniquely correct. Rather, "argument is possible on moral questions only if some system of values is presupposed."
-Ayer claims that ethical disputes boil down to:

• A) disputes about the nature of the good.
• B) disputes about what the other person is feeling.
• C) disputes about the facts of the case.
• D) disputes about what our duties are.

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Definitions:

Marginal Revenue

The incremental revenue procured by selling an extra unit of a product or service.

Marginal Cost

The cost of producing one additional unit of a product or service, crucial for pricing and production decisions.

Purely Competitive Firm

A business operating in a market where there are many buyers and sellers of a homogeneous product with no single entity able to influence the market price.

Normal Profits

The minimum level of profit needed for a company to remain competitive in the market, also seen as the opportunity cost of capital.