Virginia Held: Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory

question 25

Multiple Choice

Virginia Held: Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory
Held argues that the history of moral philosophy is deeply infected by male bias, so much so that even the main concepts of the discipline reflect a lack of respect for women's experiences. In particular, Held discusses three broad ideas in moral philosophy that she finds particularly problematic from a feminist perspective. The first is the traditional conception of the relationship between reason and emotion. Many philosophers have held that reason should play a primary role in ethics, either by discovering universal moral principles, or impartially calculating the costs and benefits of various actions. Against this, Held argues for giving the emotions a prominent role in our moral lives, especially the emotions of care that accompany close relationships.
Second, Held criticizes the traditional interpretation of the distinction between the public and the private. On this conception, "the public realm is seen as the distinctively human realm in which man transcends his animal nature, while the private realm of the household is seen as the natural region in which women merely reproduce the species." Held objects to this conception, and argues that motherhood equally "transcends animal nature," especially insofar as it involves helping children to develop as moral beings. Held finds the relationship of care implicit in motherhood to be of particular moral importance, and regards traditional moral philosophy as deficient for neglecting it.
Finally, Held critiques the common conception of the self as a rational individual, independent and largely self-interested. She argues that close attention to the experiences of women yields a conception of the self as deeply enmeshed in particular relationships in which self-interest and altruism are no longer easy to distinguish. Given these three instances of male bias, Held argues, moral philosophy is in need of a radical transformation to take adequate account of the experiences of women.
-Held claims that the associations between philosophical concepts and gender:

• A) are beneficial for ethics.
• B) are not beneficial but are not problematic, as long as we understand them.
• C) should be dropped.
• D) cannot be dropped because they are deeply built into the concepts themselves.

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Definitions:

Nostalgia

A sentimental longing or wistful affection for the past, typically for a period or place with happy personal associations.

Self-Esteem

An individual's subjective evaluation of their own worth or abilities.

Better Than Average Effect

The tendency to rank oneself higher than most people on positive attributes.

Self-affirmation

Self-affirmation involves focusing on important personal values and strengths, which can help maintain self-worth and reduce defense reactions to threats.