James Rachels: Egoism and Moral Skepticism

question 21

Essay

James Rachels: Egoism and Moral Skepticism
Psychological Egoism states an empirical fact, namely, that persons ultimately aim at their own good. Ethical Egoism, by contrast, makes a normative claim: the right act is the act that produces the most good for the agent. Rachels examines psychological and ethical egoism, and finds both untenable.
Rachels argues that psychological egoism rests on a number of confusions. Psychological egoists often point out that we only act in ways that seem to serve our own self-interest. Rachels argues, however, that this mistakes the obvious claim that voluntary acts are mine, with the controversial claim that the object of my acts - i.e., what ends my actions aim at - is myself. Selfishness should not be confused with self-interest. Psychological egoists also attempt to support their view by claiming that unselfish-looking actions always produce a sense of self-satisfaction in the agent. But this, Rachels claims, confuses feeling good after doing an action with doing the action because it feels good. Once these confusions are cleared up, psychological egoism is easy to resist.
Rachels notes that ethical egoism, properly interpreted, is a coherent position. Nevertheless, he argues, the rationale ethical egoism's supplies to reach moral verdicts is implausible. Is it really the case that the explanation for why I shouldn't set fire to the local department store is my own self-interest? Isn't the more reasonable answer, Rachels queries, that I shouldn't start the fire because people will be burned to death? Given that most of us intrinsically value other persons' welfare, and this is incompatible with ethical egoism, ethical egoism should be abandoned.
-What, according to Rachels, is ethical egoism? What are the merits of ethical egoism? Do you think a version of this position is immune to Rachels' charges? Explain your answer.

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Definitions:

Social Hierarchy

The organization of individuals within a society that is ranked from higher to lower based on power, status, or other criteria.

Infatuation

A state of intense but short-lived passion or admiration for someone or something, often without a deep understanding or commitment.

Insecurely Attached

A type of attachment style characterized by anxiety and uncertainty in relationships, often resulting from inconsistent caregiving in early development.

Securely Attached

Pertaining to an attachment style characterized by confidence in relationship security, stemming from consistent responsive caregiving.