In This Selection Russell First Distinguishes Between Knowledge by Acquaintance

question 3

True/False

In this selection Russell first distinguishes between knowledge by acquaintance (e.g., knowledge by appearances, such as "I seem to see a red book," "I am in pain," or "I think, therefore I am") and knowledge by description (knowledge of truths, such as your knowing that you are really seeing a red book or that your pain is caused by having twisted your ankle). Knowledge by acquaintance is generally thought to be infallible because believing it makes the proposition true. But the same is not the case for descriptive knowledge claims because your beliefs could be false. Thus, descriptive knowledge is dualistic-it has the properties of truth and falsity as opposites-whereas knowledge by acquaintance is monistic and does not admit such opposites. Russell goes on to specify the conditions for an adequate theory of truth and shows how the correspondence theory meets these conditions, whereas the coherence theory does not.
-Russell is concerned with the question of how we can know whether a belief is true or false.

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Definitions:

Nasopharynx

The nasopharynx is the upper part of the pharynx connecting the nasal cavity above the soft palate, serving as a passageway for air from the nose to the throat.

Glottis

The opening between the vocal cords in the larynx, playing a critical role in speech and breathing.

Reverse Peristalsis

The backward movement of the contents of the digestive tract, which can lead to vomiting, as a result of the muscles contracting in the opposite direction of normal digestion.

Secretin

A hormone produced by the duodenum that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich fluids to neutralize stomach acid.