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Epicurus identified good with pleasure and evil with pain. This doctrine (repeated later in Bentham) is called "hedonism" (from the Greek word for pleasure). However, contrary to popular opinion, Epicurus was not proposing what "Epicureanism" sometimes has been taken to mean: a sensuous, profligate life. He believed that the true life of pleasure consists in an attitude of imperturbable emotional calm that needs only simple pleasures, a good diet, health, a prudent moral life, and good friends. Only good or bad sensations (pleasure or pain, respectively) should concern us, and death is not a sensation, so we should not fear death.
-Epicurus insists that independence from desire is a great good.
Religious Values
Principles and beliefs held by individuals or communities regarding the sacred, divine, or spiritually significant aspects of life, often guiding moral behavior and life choices.
Time Orientation
An individual's attitude or preference toward past, present, or future thinking.
Long-Term Orientation
A cultural or personal perspective that values planning and investing in the future, emphasizing perseverance and deferred gratification.
Materialism
A philosophical or societal focus on physical possessions and wealth as primary values or indicators of success.
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