Suppose 
and 
are orthogonal with 
and 
. Determine 
.
Definitions:
Just Noticeable Difference
Just noticeable difference is the minimum difference in stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time, also known as the threshold of sensory detection.
Grams
A metric unit of mass equal to one thousandth of a kilogram.
Pupil
The part of the eye located in the center of the iris that controls the amount of light entering the eye.
Iris
The colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil, responsible for controlling the amount of light reaching the retina.
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