A Prediction of the Up-Down Model Within the General Population

question 1

Multiple Choice

A prediction of the up-down model within the general population, which has received empirical support across a range of ages, is

• A) that top-down effects outweigh bottom-up effects
• B) that bottom-up effects outweigh top-down effects
• C) that top-down and bottom-up effects have the same contribution
• D) that up-down effects outweigh bottom-up effects
• E) that up-down effects outweigh top-down effects

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Definitions:

Ego

According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.

Environmental Factors

External elements, such as climate, geographical location, and cultural influences, that can affect individuals' behaviors, development, and well-being.

Personality Disorders

Mental health conditions characterized by enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that deviate from cultural expectations and cause significant distress or functional impairment.

Across Disorders

Pertaining to phenomena or treatments that apply to a wide range of psychological or psychiatric conditions.