Giselle Is Three Weeks Old and During a Diaper Change

question 32

Multiple Choice

Giselle is three weeks old and during a diaper change she looks up at her mother and smiles. Her mother gets very excited and immediately tells her husband, Chin, what happened. Since Chin has read your textbook, he thinks to himself:

• A) ​Giselle is smiling as a result of operant conditioning, not as a result of an emotional state.
• B) ​This was a paradoxical smile, as children at this age will frequently demonstrate the wrong facial expressions based on the emotion they are currently experiencing.
• C) ​Giselle already recognizes her mother and feels joy when she is nearby.
• D) ​It is way too early for Giselle to be experiencing a social smile.

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Definitions:

Dependent Variable

In research, the variable being tested and measured, expected to change as a result of manipulations to the independent variable.

Between-subject

A research design where different subjects are assigned to distinct groups, with each group experiencing a different condition or treatment.

Within-subject

A research design where the same participants are exposed to all conditions or treatments, allowing direct comparison of different conditions on the same individual.

Replication

The process of repeating a research study or experiment to verify its findings or to ensure its accuracy.