According to Pratt Et Al

question 11

Multiple Choice

According to Pratt et al. (2006) , which of the following statements about their review of 40 studies examining the effects of perceived deterrence is not true?

• A) multivariate studies suggest that the effects of certainty and severity of punishment are weak to non-existent
• B) perceptions of punishment is likely to be a minor cause of criminal involvement
• C) legal sanctions might have effects on future crime through non-legal or social costs they evoke
• D) bivariate studies substantially underestimated the effects of perceived deterrence

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Definitions:

Light Gas Fraction

A portion of the distillate in petroleum refining that is composed of the lighter hydrocarbons, such as methane, ethane, propane, and butane.

Crude Oil

A natural, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials.

Crude Oil Refinement

The industrial process of transforming crude oil into useful products such as gasoline, diesel, and other petrochemicals.

Diesel Fuel

A type of fuel derived from crude oil and used in diesel engines, known for its energy efficiency compared to gasoline.