Determine Whether the Given Argument Is Valid or Invalid

question 116

Multiple Choice

determine whether the given argument is valid or invalid. If it is invalid, select a counterexample.
-1. (∀x) (Ax ⊃ Bx)
2) (∃x) (Ax • Cx) / ∼(∀x) (Bx ⊃ ∼Cx)

• A) Valid
• B) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of 2 members, in which:
• Aa: True Ba: True Ca: False
• Ab: True Bb: False Cb: True
• C) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of 2 members, in which:
• Aa: True Ba: False Ca: True
• Ab: True Bb: False Cb: True
• D) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of 2 members, in which:
• Aa: False Ba: True Ca: True
• Ab: False Bb: True Cb: True
• E) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of 2 members, in which:
• Aa: True Ba: True Ca: True
• Ab: False Bb: False Cb: True

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Definitions:

Money Income

The total amount of monetary earnings received by an individual or group, including wages, salaries, bonuses, and other income.

Choice Set

A set of options available for a decision-maker to choose from in a given scenario.

Price Increases

The rise in the cost of goods or services compared to a previous time period.

Choice Set

A collection of all possible alternatives or options available to a consumer for making a decision.