Note: the Solutions to Most of the Multiple Choice Questions $\begin{array} {| l | }\hline \alpha\\\hline \text {1 }\\\hline \text {0 }\\\hline\end{array}$

question 35

Essay

Note: the solutions to most of the multiple choice questions in these sections use what call the standard assignment of truth values to atomic propositions. The standard assignment of truth values assigns the values given here to the variables in the wffs in the exercises, when read left to right. So, the first variable in the formula read left to right gets the α assignment; the second variable in the formula read left to right (if any) gets the β assignment; the third variable in the formula read left to right (if any) gets the γ assignment; and the fourth variable in the formula read left to right (if any) gets the δ assignment.
For exercises with only one propositional variable, the standard assignment is:
$\begin{array} {| l | }\hline \alpha\\\hline \text {1 }\\\hline \text {0 }\\\hline\end{array}$

For exercises with two propositional variables, the standard assignment is:
$$\begin{array} { | c | c | } \hline \mathbf { n } & \boldsymbol { \beta } \\\hline 1 & 1 \\\hline 1 & 0 \\\hline 0 & 1 \\\hline 0 & 0 \\\hline\end{array}$$
For exercises with three propositional variables, the standard assignment is:
$$\begin{array} { | c | c | c | } \hline \alpha & \beta & \gamma \\\hline 1 & 1 & 1 \\\hline 1 & 1 & 0 \\\hline 1 & 0 & 1 \\\hline 1 & 0 & 0 \\\hline 0 & 1 & 1 \\\hline 0 & 1 & 0 \\\hline 0& 0 & 1 \\\hline 0 & 0 &0\\\hline\end{array}$$
For exercises with four propositional variables, the standard assignment is:
$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline\alpha & \beta & \gamma & \delta \\\hline 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\hline 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\\hline 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\\hline 1 & 1 & 0 & 0\\\hline 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\\hline 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\\hline 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\hline 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\hline 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\\hline 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\\hline 0 & 1 & 0 & 1\\\hline 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\hline 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\\hline 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\\hline 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\hline 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\\hline\end{array}$
Complete truth tables for each of the following propositions.
-(I ⊃ J) $\lor$ (J ⊃ I)

---

Definitions:

Exception Handling

The process of responding to exceptional conditions (errors) that disrupt normal flow of execution in a program, typically using try, catch, and finally blocks.

Programming Methodology

Programming methodology encompasses the best practices, strategies, and procedures for designing and implementing computer programs, aiming for efficiency, readability, and maintainability.

Exception Class

A type of class in programming languages designed to handle errors or exceptional events during the execution of a program.

Java.lang

A fundamental package in the Java programming language that provides classes that are basic to the language and are automatically imported.