An Arrow Pointing from an Independent Variable to a Dependent

question 47

Multiple Choice

An arrow pointing from an independent variable to a dependent variable in a theoretical model typically implies ________.

• A) causality
• B) normality
• C) randomness
• D) proactivity
• E) synergy

---

Definitions:

Ectopic Stimuli

Electrical or chemical signals occurring at an abnormal location or time in the body, often resulting in irregular physiological responses such as ectopic heartbeats.

Atria

The two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood returning to the heart from the body and lungs.

Heart Valves

Structures within the heart that maintain unidirectional blood flow through the heart chambers, including the mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves.

Pressure Gradients

A differentiation in pressure that drives the movement of fluids or gases from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.