Jia Is a Bear Trainer at the Circus

question 11

Multiple Choice

Jia is a bear trainer at the circus.She wants to teach Barney the bear to ride a unicycle.To do this,Jia first rewards Barney for sitting up.Then she rewards Barney only if he sits on the unicycle seat.Next she rewards him only for sitting on the unicycle seat and raising his paws toward the pedals and so on.By show time,Barney can ride the unicycle.This method is called ____.

• A) higher-order conditioning
• B) reconditioning
• C) shaping
• D) latent learning

Explain photoperiodism and its influence on flowering.

Understand the process of double fertilization and the roles of self-pollination and cross-pollination.

Identify different types of fruits and distinguish which plant parts form them.

Describe mechanisms of sexual and asexual reproduction in plants.

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Definitions:

Retardation of Learning

The slowing down or hindrance in the acquisition of knowledge, skills, or behaviors, often due to external or internal factors.

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer

A type of reinforcer that has become reinforcing through its association with one or more other reinforcers, often used in operant conditioning.

Primary Reinforcers

Innate reinforcing qualities such as food, water, and relief from pain, which fulfill basic biological needs and do not require learning to be effective.

Unlearned Reinforcer

An unlearned reinforcer, also known as a primary reinforcer, is a stimulus that naturally and intrinsically provides reinforcement or a favorable outcome without the need for learning.