How Can the Velocity Dispersion and Radius of an Elliptical

question 1

Essay

How can the velocity dispersion and radius of an elliptical galaxy determine its mass?

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Definitions:

Private Costs

The costs that are incurred by an individual or a company when producing goods or services.

Bystanders

Individuals who are present at an event or incident but do not take part in it, often discussed in the context of emergency situations or accidents.

Congestion Toll

A fee charged to drivers who use certain roads during peak periods, intended to reduce traffic congestion by discouraging the use of those routes.

Internalizing

The process of absorbing or taking in information, values, or costs, often used when discussing the incorporation of external costs into market prices.