How Can the Phenomenon of Pluralistic Ignorance Decrease Helping Behaviour

question 31

Essay

How can the phenomenon of pluralistic ignorance decrease helping behaviour in an emergency? Be sure to define pluralistic ignorance in your answer.

Compare and contrast different motivational models, particularly those of Tolman and Hull.

Recognize the distinction between reward and drive reduction.

Grasp the essentials of Hull's motivational model.

Understand the role of cognitive psychology in evolving the perception of Tolman's theories.

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Definitions:

Extrinsic Self-esteem

Self-esteem influenced by external factors, such as approval from others or success in social or professional arenas.

Self-comparison

The act of evaluating oneself against the attributes, achievements, or aspects of others, often contributing to one's self-esteem and self-perception.

Self-handicapping

A cognitive strategy where individuals create obstacles or excuses for themselves to avoid blame in case of failure but can take credit in case of success.

Self-enhancement

The desire to maintain, increase, or portray one's self in a positive light to others and oneself.