In Instrumental Conditioning, What Is the Distinction Between Negative Reinforcement

question 78

Multiple Choice

In instrumental conditioning, what is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?

• A) There is no difference. They are two words for the same thing.
• B) Negative reinforcement can occur when a stimulus is positive, and punishment occurs when a stimulus is painful.
• C) Negative reinforcement occurs when a negative outcome is avoided, while punishment occurs when an action causes a negative outcome.
• D) Negative reinforcement creates a preference for negative results, while punishment teaches people to avoid negative results.

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Definitions:

Addictive Disorders

A range of psychological conditions characterized by a compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences.

Medulla

An area of the brainstem that controls vital autonomic functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.

Thalamus

A vital brain structure acting as a relay station, channeling sensory and motor signals to and from the cerebral cortex.

Limbic System

A complex system of nerves and networks in the brain, involved with instinct and mood. It controls basic emotions and drives.