Dr Farah Is an Educational Psychologist Who Is Interested in Studying

question 41

Multiple Choice

Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA) . She finds the following correlations.

In considering the three criteria for causation, which of the following questions will Dr. Farah's study NOT be able to address?

• A)Is there covariance?
• B)Is there temporal precedence?
• C)Are there third variables that could explain the relationship?
• D)Do the rules make intuitive sense?

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Definitions:

K

Potassium is represented by the symbol K, and it is the chemical element with atomic number 19, essential for plant growth and animal health.

[HCO3-]

The bicarbonate ion, an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. It plays a significant role in the pH buffering system of blood.

HA

HA typically refers to a generic acid formula where "H" represents hydrogen and "A" stands for an anion; it can also denote hyaluronic acid in biomedical contexts.

pH

A scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution, with values ranging from 0 to 14.