The AER,the Thickened Ectoderm at the Distal Tip of the Limb

question 16

Multiple Choice

The AER,the thickened ectoderm at the distal tip of the limb bud,controls limb outgrowth.Genetic inactivation experiments in mice and manipulation studies in chicks have identified the key factors expressed in the AER that control outgrowth once the limb bud has formed.What family of growth factors in the AER promotes outgrowth?

• A) Bmp
• B) Fgfs
• C) Wnts
• D) Shh

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Definitions:

Citric Acid Cycle

A series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy stored in ATP.

Mitochondrion Matrix

The innermost compartment of the mitochondrion, filled with enzymes important for energy production.

Fermentation

A metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen, commonly used in the production of beer, wine, and bread.

Efficient

Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense, often related to processes and systems.