Why Is Flatness a Problem in Cosmology

question 156

Multiple Choice

Why is flatness a problem in cosmology?

• A) The total amount of known matter (even if we include dark matter) is not enough to make the universe flat.
• B) The universe appears to be flat to within observational error, yet the universe is expanding, and it is impossible for an expanding universe to be flat.
• C) The universe appears to have a hyperbolic geometry to within observational error, yet the universe is expanding, and expanding universes have to be flat.
• D) Matter is known to create bumps in the geometry of spacetime; therefore, the universe cannot be flat.

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Definitions:

Contribution Margin

The selling price per unit, minus the variable cost per unit, indicating how much each unit contributes to covering fixed costs and generating profit.

Break-even Point

A stage where total sales or production volume exactly matches the overall expenses, consequently yielding no financial gain or deficit.

Break-even Point

The financial stage where total costs equal total revenue, meaning the business is neither making a profit nor a loss.

Unit Variable Costs

Costs that vary directly with the production volume, per unit produced.