An Alarm Call Benefits Multiple Individuals,both Related and Unrelated (R

question 22

Multiple Choice

An alarm call benefits multiple individuals,both related and unrelated (r = 0) .Can this behavior still evolve according to Hamilton's rule? (There are 1,2,…,A individuals that are related to the donor by r₁,r₂,…,rA and receive benefits b₁,b₂,…,bA)

• A)No, unrelated individuals will automatically set the benefits to 0, as Hamilton's rule for multiple individuals is .
• B)No, this case no longer addresses inclusive fitness, and Hamilton's rule does not apply.
• C)Yes, if there are more related individuals benefiting than unrelated individuals, as Hamilton's rule for multiple individuals is .
• D)Yes, as long as the benefits to related individuals satisfy .

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Definitions:

Total Consumer Surplus

Total consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a good or service versus what they actually pay, representing the net benefit to consumers.

Consumer Surplus

The difference between the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay and the actual price they pay.

Indifferent Buying

A purchasing decision where the consumer has no preference among the options available due to perceived equality.

Consumer Surplus

The difference in the total cost that consumers are prepared and able to cover for a product or service and the cost they actually cover.