The Casual-Comparative Design Is Used When

question 81

Multiple Choice

The casual-comparative design is used when

• A) the independent variable cannot be manipulated by the researcher.
• B) it is not possible to assign subjects to different treatments.
• C) the independent variable being investigated is one that already characterizes an individual.
• D) variation is an independent variable occurring in the natural course of events.
• E) All of these are true.

---

Definitions:

Independent Evolution

The process by which distinct species evolve similar characteristics independently of each other, often due to similar environmental pressures; also known as convergent evolution.

Ctenophores

Marine invertebrates known as comb jellies, characterized by their gelatinous bodies and rows of ciliary plates for movement.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical substances that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse from one neuron to another, playing a crucial role in the functioning of the nervous system.

Selfish Herds

A behavior in which individuals in a group position themselves in such a way to minimize their predation risk, benefiting from the presence of others as a shield.