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When an external threat or attack is perceived, the body's __________________________ is triggered.
Critical Value
A threshold value that the test statistic must exceed in order to reject the null hypothesis in a statistical test.
Independent Variables
Variables in a study or model that are expected to influence or determine the outcome of the dependent variable(s), manipulated by the experimenter.
Degrees Of Freedom
The number of independent pieces of information in a dataset used in the calculation of a statistic, typically influencing the shape of various distributions.
Observations
Data points or elements collected during an experiment or study which represent individual pieces of information about the phenomena being studied.
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