The Scientific Concept of Causality Is Complex

question 58

Multiple Choice

The scientific concept of causality is complex."Causality" means something very different to the average person on the street than to a scientist.If the ordinary meaning of a statement is "X is the only cause of Y," its related scientific meaning is: ________.

• A)the occurrence of X makes the occurrence of Y
• B)we can never prove that X is a cause of Y.At best,we can infer that X is a cause of Y
• C)X is only one of a number of possible causes of Y
• D)None of the above is correct.

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Definitions:

Underwriting

The process by which an individual or institution takes on financial risk for a fee, such as issuing insurance policies or bringing a new security issue to the market.

Spread

The difference between two prices, rates, or yields, often measuring the gap between bid and ask prices or between interest rates.

Commitment

A pledge or obligation to do something, often used in the context of agreements or contracts.