Influenza Viruses a and B Contain Eight RNA Strands and Influenza

question 45

Multiple Choice

Influenza viruses A and B contain eight RNA strands and influenza virus C has seven strands.During antigenic drift, genes coding for glycoproteins recognized by the host immune system are mutated, whereas during antigenic shift, whole RNA strands can be swapped with those of another influenza virus, greatly increasing the virulence and transmissibility of the virus and minimizing the ability of the host's defenses to recognize it.Which of the following statements is true?

• A)Genetic drift creates a need for an annual flu vaccine to keep up with the seasonal genetic changes, and if genetic shift occurs, an additional vaccine will have to be administered since the shift creates a different strainof virus.
• B)Genetic drift creates a need for an annual flu vaccine to keep up with the seasonal genetic changes, and if a .genetic shift occurs, the same vaccine will be effective against both strains.
• C) If a novel strain resulting from antigenic shift appears, it is not necessary to get vaccinated because these strains are typically less pathogenic than seasonal strains.
• D) The worst influenza pandemics throughout history have occurred as a result of genetic drift rather than genetic shift.

Comprehend the importance of physical and cognitive traits in male mating success across different species.

Understand the mechanisms of mate choice and the influence of female preferences on male traits.

Recognize the concept of cryptic female choice and its role in post-mating sexual selection.

Grasp the significance of male-male competition and its various forms in determining reproductive success.

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Definitions:

Net Income

The total profit of a company after subtracting all expenses from total revenues, reflecting the company's financial performance over a given period.

Contribution Margin

The amount by which a product's sales price exceeds its total variable costs, used to cover fixed costs and generate profit.

Variable Costing

Variable costing is an accounting method that includes only variable production costs in the cost of goods sold and inventory valuation.

Net Income

This is the total profit of a company after all expenses, taxes, and costs have been subtracted from total revenue.