Validity Is

question 72

Multiple Choice

Validity is

• A) concerned with the relationships of random error with systematic error.
• B) equal to the true score plus the systematic error.
• C) equal to the true score plus systematic error minus random error.
• D) concerned with the extent to which differences in scores reflect true differences in the characteristic.
• E) concerned with the extent to which differences in scores reflect instability in the measurements.

---

Definitions:

Chain of Command

A hierarchical structure of authority in an organization, where orders flow downward and accountability flows upward.

Supportive Communication Principles

involve guidelines for interacting in ways that create a positive environment, fostering open, constructive, and empathetic dialogue.

Communication Barriers

Obstacles that impede the flow of information between communicators, which can lead to misunderstandings or failure to convey messages effectively.

Defensive Communication

A response style characterized by guardedness to protect oneself from perceived threats or criticism.